RS-232 (Recommended Standard 232, also known as EIA/TIA RS-232C) is an interface that designates a standard for the exchange of a series of binary data between a DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) and DCE (Data Communication Equipment , Data Communication Equipment), although there are others in which the RS-232 interface is also used. An equivalent definition published by the ITU is called V.24. The RS-232 is a connectorDB-25 type (25-pin), although it is normal to find the version of 9-pin (DE-9, or popularly also called DB-9), cheaper and even extended to certain types of peripherals (such as serial mouse PC).

The RS232 connector is a connector type 9-pin connector is popularly called Series. It is a connector that was once widely used by various components of the PC, such as a mouse, keyboard ... but over time it has fallen into disuse and replaced by the USB connector trying to emulate the latest version number. It is currently used by robots, elevators, POS and industrial machinery.

It is a special multi point communication for industrial machinery by its format adapted to long distance and heavy machinery. The connector is used to connect the DB9 serial port or popularly called. One characteristic is that it is able to greatly reduce the noise so that the distance is much greater.

The DIN is a standard that was developed by the "Deutsches Institut für Normung" (one might call the national standards organization in Germany). The DIN is facing many sectors, but we have tried to focus on the DIN-oriented electronics and computing. In the case of Enclosures means qualifying under the German legislation on racks and is standardized to DIN 41494-7.

VDC would be the abbreviation for Volt Direct Current which translated would volts direct current. The idea of ??this type is unidirectional current to the load. Direct current is normally produced by batteries, thermocouples, solar cells and a dynamo electric machine type. The direct current can flow in conductors such as wires, but may also flow through semiconductors, insulators ... In the image: 1 - current per pulse 2 - Direct Current (DC) 3 - Alternating Current (AC) 4 - Variable Current

A DIN Rail is a metal rail of with standard size of 35 mm wide. (A)

It's commonly used on installation and assembly of electrical devices or controllers for home or business use.
Besides the typical DIN rail 35 mm x 7.5 mm, can also be found in other measures as:

- Mini DIN Rail, size 15 mm x 5.5 mm (B)
- DIN Rail, size 35 mm x 15 mm (C)
- G section, size 32 mm x 15 mm x 8mm (D)

These rails are designed for installations with a method of simple, fast and configurable fixing. Ideal for installation in electrical distribution points, distribution of telephone wiring, alarms, digital electric programmers, keystone adapter, attenuators and any other compatible device.

When we talk about RJ45 ("Registered Jack" 45) we refer to a telecommunications network interface for wired connection of voice and data equipment.

This connector has 8 pins or connections and may have a specific category depending on the data transfer speed and bandwidth (category 5e, 6, etc.)

The common application is their use in Ethernet network cables under TIA/EIA-568-B standard that defines the arrangement of pins (pinout), but can also be used for other applications.

- Direct pin diagram:

EIA-568A
Pin No.1: WHITE-GREEN
Pin No.2: GREEN
Pin No.3: WHITE-ORANGE
Pin No.4: BLUE
Pin No.5: WHITE-BLUE
Pin No.6: ORANGE
Pin No.7: WHITE-BROWN
Pin No.8: BROWN

EIA-568B
Pin No.1: WHITE-ORANGE
Pin No.2: ORANGE
Pin No.3: WHITE-GREEN
Pin No.4: BLUE
Pin No.5: WHITE-BLUE
Pin No.6: GREEN
Pin No.7: WHITE-BROWN
Pin No.8: BROWN

- Schematic of crossed pins:

The crossover cable has one end with EIA-568A scheme and the other one with EIA-568B.

Depending on the quality and type, network cables are classified into categories that help us know the characteristics of them.

The categories of network cables most commonly used are:

- Category 5
- Category 5e
- Category 6
- Category 6
- Category 7

As can be seen, category 5e (enhanced or improved) and category 6A (Augmented), are an improvement of categories 5and 6, respectively, which it has improved the top speed and bandwidth.

The higher the category, the higher the speed of maximum data, the maximum 100 meters distance as its standard.

You can see a table which shows the 5 categories, where V is the maximum velocity, D is the maximum and MHz frequency which can work away.

The photoelectric sensors are those sensors that act by closing or opening the circuit depending on the light intensity they receive.
The system consists of an emitter system in charge of emitting light and a receiver system, in charge of managing its function according to the light received.
We can find several types of photoelectric sensors although we can divide them into several more generic groups, barrier photocell (A), Self-reflective (B) and reflective with reflector (C).

The barrier sensor is possibly one of the most used sensors due to its simplicity of use, easy installation and reliable operation.
Its operation is simple, the transmitter is placed in line with the receiver being one in front of the other. Thanks to this distribution external aspects such as dirt, dust, humidity affect to a lesser extent its operation.
This type of barrier sensors have a range ofAnd much greater detection to the rest, it is possible to say that being an emitter and a receiver this type of sensors are not able to detect color in objects as other sensors can make and it is necessary to take into account that these sensors emit a light that is captured By the emitter, if when crossing the barrier we do with a transparent or translucent object will not be activated, as the beam of light will get through the object, therefore alone andS valid for objects with a high degree of opacity.
These types of sensors are widely used in security and automation systems, for example opening or closing a barrier or door, activating an alarm, etc.
When faced with, the emitter emits a beam of light to the receiver, if the receiver is receiving the light beam it will be in standby mode to act. When an object passes between the sender and the receiver, cutting the view directlyAnd leaving the receiver without receiving the light this will activate the function for which it is programmed, for example in a security door, the door remains closed while the light beam is received by the receiver, if a person passes between the two transmitters The beam and light will be interrupted by the body of the person, so that the sensor will act by opening the door.

This is one of the most economical models of detectors by photocell, but against is one of the least recommended in situations with high humidity or places with a lot of dust or dirt. The reception distance is also shortened as opposed to the barrier, so they do not have as much detection range. This factor is directly linked to the color of the object, since the light emitted must bounce on it, it will not haveThe same index of reflection an object of black color (that absorbs the light) to a white object (that bounces the light), therefore, objects of light colors will be better detected with a self-reflecting photocell.
This type of sensors unlike those of barrier, its emitter and receiver are in a single device. The emitter emits light on the object, when light reaches the object it bounces and is received by the receiver, qYou will be in charge of executing the action, like stopping a tape, adding a unit, triggering a mechanism, etc.
As it is a single device its installation is minimized, since it is only necessary to feed a point, unlike the barrier that are two points. They are ideal for installations where it is complicated or there is no space to place the receiving device.
This type of photocells can be divided into 3 groups,Standard or self-reflecting photocells, background suppression and autoreflective foreground photocells (FGS, Foreground suppression)

• Self-reflective or non-suppressed photocells (the standards) are those whose detection distance is affected by the color of the detected object. As a result of this small inconvenience,Have improved these sensors by creating two variants, with background suppression and foreground suppression.
• Self-reflective or suppressed photocells work in the same way as the previous ones, but also use several triangulations of the light to calculate the exact position in which the object is. Thanks to these triangulations the sensor is able to ignore any object that may be behind and pUeda interfere in the detection, in such a way that they are not so affected by lighter colors, shapes or brightness of the object.
• Self-reflective photocells with foreground suppression are those that work just like background suppression but focus on the background surface, adjusting the detection zone at that distance. Basically, what the sensor does is focus on the background and will detect any object thatIs placed on said background, for example, is the system used for the detection of objects on a conveyor belt or other surface.

two.