The photoelectric sensors are those sensors that act by closing or opening the circuit depending on the light intensity they receive.
The system consists of an emitter system in charge of emitting light and a receiver system, in charge of managing its function according to the light received.
We can find several types of photoelectric sensors although we can divide them into several more generic groups, barrier photocell (A), Self-reflective (B) and reflective with reflector (C).

The barrier sensor is possibly one of the most used sensors due to its simplicity of use, easy installation and reliable operation.
Its operation is simple, the transmitter is placed in line with the receiver being one in front of the other. Thanks to this distribution external aspects such as dirt, dust, humidity affect to a lesser extent its operation.
This type of barrier sensors have a range ofAnd much greater detection to the rest, it is possible to say that being an emitter and a receiver this type of sensors are not able to detect color in objects as other sensors can make and it is necessary to take into account that these sensors emit a light that is captured By the emitter, if when crossing the barrier we do with a transparent or translucent object will not be activated, as the beam of light will get through the object, therefore alone andS valid for objects with a high degree of opacity.
These types of sensors are widely used in security and automation systems, for example opening or closing a barrier or door, activating an alarm, etc.
When faced with, the emitter emits a beam of light to the receiver, if the receiver is receiving the light beam it will be in standby mode to act. When an object passes between the sender and the receiver, cutting the view directlyAnd leaving the receiver without receiving the light this will activate the function for which it is programmed, for example in a security door, the door remains closed while the light beam is received by the receiver, if a person passes between the two transmitters The beam and light will be interrupted by the body of the person, so that the sensor will act by opening the door.

This is one of the most economical models of detectors by photocell, but against is one of the least recommended in situations with high humidity or places with a lot of dust or dirt. The reception distance is also shortened as opposed to the barrier, so they do not have as much detection range. This factor is directly linked to the color of the object, since the light emitted must bounce on it, it will not haveThe same index of reflection an object of black color (that absorbs the light) to a white object (that bounces the light), therefore, objects of light colors will be better detected with a self-reflecting photocell.
This type of sensors unlike those of barrier, its emitter and receiver are in a single device. The emitter emits light on the object, when light reaches the object it bounces and is received by the receiver, qYou will be in charge of executing the action, like stopping a tape, adding a unit, triggering a mechanism, etc.
As it is a single device its installation is minimized, since it is only necessary to feed a point, unlike the barrier that are two points. They are ideal for installations where it is complicated or there is no space to place the receiving device.
This type of photocells can be divided into 3 groups,Standard or self-reflecting photocells, background suppression and autoreflective foreground photocells (FGS, Foreground suppression)

• Self-reflective or non-suppressed photocells (the standards) are those whose detection distance is affected by the color of the detected object. As a result of this small inconvenience,Have improved these sensors by creating two variants, with background suppression and foreground suppression.
• Self-reflective or suppressed photocells work in the same way as the previous ones, but also use several triangulations of the light to calculate the exact position in which the object is. Thanks to these triangulations the sensor is able to ignore any object that may be behind and pUeda interfere in the detection, in such a way that they are not so affected by lighter colors, shapes or brightness of the object.
• Self-reflective photocells with foreground suppression are those that work just like background suppression but focus on the background surface, adjusting the detection zone at that distance. Basically, what the sensor does is focus on the background and will detect any object thatIs placed on said background, for example, is the system used for the detection of objects on a conveyor belt or other surface.

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When calculating the life of a battery it will be necessary to know the number of charge cycles that can be performed until the battery does not begin to lose its capacity.
Depending on the type of battery these charging cycles can vary, the most common being the mobile batteries, manufactured Li-Ion or Li-Po, which have a duration of between 300 and 500 charging cycles according to model and manufacturer.
Once thisE limit we will notice how the battery loses duration of operation, arriving to lose up to 25% of its capacity of load.
At this point it will be necessary to evaluate a battery change.
It should be noted that usage and charging habits can significantly affect battery life. For example, factors such as heat, charge the battery several times a day without it is almost exhausted, etc. Will be affectedits duration.
Therefore, to get the most out of the battery we must know when a full charge cycle is performed, and try to avoid misuse of charge, to increase its useful life.
A charging cycle is considered when the battery has been discharged or its 100% charge has been used.
The manufacturers advise that the charge is never made below the 58% battery, since the battery voltage would not fall so lowTo, so you could end up winning up to 4000 charge cycles.
Tips to increase the life of a battery.

• Avoid extreme heat or cold or very long applications of the device.
• Charge the battery as often as you can.
• Fully discharge the battery from time to time.
• Do not let the battery run out completely before charging.

Below is a table with theDifferent voltages (V), charge cycles (C) and battery percentage (B).

Within the detection systems we can find different types according to their operation, among them the most common:

1. Infrared sensors
2. Vibration sensors.
3. Photoelectric sensors.
4. Ultrasound sensors.
5. Acoustic sensors

Each type of sensor uses different detection methods and each one is recommended according to the situation.

1. Sensors by infraRrojos, are one of the most used types, thanks to its reliable operation and installation, since we can find this type of wired and wireless sensors.
   The infrared sensor has a phototransistor capable of detecting the infrared electromagnetic radiation emitted by a body, this type of radiation is not visible by the human eye. A change of radiation in its perimeter will activate the relay and proceed to send ato alarm signal.
   Within these, there are two models, passive infrared sensor, which only has a phototransistor and assets, which have an emitter and a receiver.
2. Vibration sensors are used mostly in security systems, such as window sensors. car alarms etc.
   Its operation is based on an accelerometer, through a piezoelectric sensor. This type of sensorDue to its construction material it allows to detect changes and pressure when emitting an electric charge.
3. Photoelectric sensors, these are the sensors that use photoelectric rays, normally a transmitter and a receiver are used, they are commonly used in automatic door systems, elevator doors, production chains, etc.
4. The ultrasonic sensors are those that emit an acoustic signalabout 30 kHz, a signal that is not appreciated by humans. This signal or wave propagates through space, walls, objects, doors, etc. once the signal has spread the sensor is activated and any change will trigger the sensor.
   These types of sensors are also used in devices that require measuring distances and detecting objects.
5. Acoustic sensors, are those that can detect the signal emitted by anyobject and are able to detect the pressures that the acoustic waves emit, such as the noise of the crystals when breaking a window.

Within the wide range of batteries on the market we can differentiate two large groups, disposable batteries and rechargeable batteries.
Disposable batteries are those that only allow a single use and when they are exhausted they can not be recharged. These batteries can store their energy for years.

Rechargeable batteries are those that can be recharged once exhausted. This type is losing charge when they are storedaccording to voltage. The most common we can find them of 1.2V and 3.7V

As a last point you have to take into account that lithium batteries, Lipo, Life etc. Due to its composition, specific loaders should be used.